Know : List of Plants – A

Here is the list of plants with their Common Name, Botanical Name and Pictures

This post features all plants with common names starting with ‘A’

Alder – Alnus

Alder is particularly noted for its important symbiotic relationship with Frankia alni, an actinomycete, filamentous, nitrogen-fixing bacterium. This bacterium is found in root nodules, which may be as large as a human fist, with many small lobes, and light brown in colour. The bacterium absorbs nitrogen from the air and makes it available to the tree. Alder, in turn, provides the bacterium with sugars, which it produces through photosynthesis. As a result of this mutually beneficial relationship, alder improves the fertility of the soil where it grows, and as a pioneer species, it helps provide additional nitrogen for the successional species which follow.

Varieties 

• Black alder – Alnus glutinosa, Ilex verticillata
• Common alder – Alnus glutinosa
• False alder – Ilex verticillata
• Gray alder – Alnus incana
• Speckled alder – Alnus incana
• Striped alder – Ilex verticillata
• White alder – Alnus incana, Ilex verticillata

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Almond – Prunus amygdalus

The almond is native to the Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East, eastward as far as the Indus. In India, it is known as badam. It was spread by humans in ancient times along the shores of the Mediterranean into northern Africa and southern Europe and more recently transported to other parts of the world, notably California, United States.

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Ambrosia

This is an annual herb usually growing up to 2 meters tall, but known to reach 6 meters in rich, moist soils. The tough stems have woody bases and are branching or unbranched. This species is well known as a noxious weed, both in its native range and in areas where it is an introduced and ofteninvasive species. It is naturalized in some areas, and it is recorded as an adventive species in others. It grows in many types of disturbed habitat, such as roadsides, and in cultivated fields.

• Tall ambrosia – Ambrosia trifida

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Amy root – Apocynum cannabinum

It is a poisonous plant: Apocynum means “poisonous to dogs”. All parts of the plant are poisonous and can cause cardiac arrest if ingested. The cannabinum in the scientific name and the common names Hemp Dogbane and Indian Hemp refer to its similarity to Cannabis as a fiber plant, rather than as a source of a psychoactive drug. A very strong and good quality fiber obtained from the bark is a flax substitute that does not shrink and retains its strength in water. It is used for making clothes,twine, bags, linen, paper, etc.The plant yields a latex which is a possible source of rubber.

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Apple – Malus domestica

The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and its fruits have been improved through selection over thousands of years. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples. About 69 million tons of apples were grown worldwide in 2010, and China produced almost half of this total. The United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 6% of world production. Turkey is third, followed by Italy, India andPoland.

• Osage apple – Maclura pomifera

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Apple of Sodom – Solanum carolinense

“Horsenettle” is also written “horse nettle” or “horse-nettle”. These plants can be found growing in pastures, roadsides, railroad margins, and in disturbed areas and waste ground. They grow to about 1 m tall, but are typically shorter, existing as sub shrubs. Bumblebees pollinate the flowers of this species. Fruits are eaten by a variety of native animals, including Ring-necked pheasant, Bobwhite, Wild Turkey, and Striped skunk. Most mammals avoid eating the stems and leaves due to both the spines and toxicity of the plant

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Apricot – Prunus armeniaca

Although the apricot is native to a continental climate region with cold winters, it can grow in Mediterranean climates if enough cool winter weather allows a proper dormancy. A dry climate is good for fruit maturation. The tree is slightly more cold-hardy than the peach, tolerating winter temperatures as cold as −30 °C (−22 °F) or lower if healthy.

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Arfaj – Rhanterium epapposum

Native to the deserts of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait where it is known locally as Arfaj . The Arfajplant consists of a complicated network of branches scattered with small thorny leaves and bright yellow flowers about 1.5 cm wide. The Arfaj flower is also the national flower of Kuwait.

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Arizona sycamore – Platanus wrighitii

Sycamore is a name which is applied at various times and places to several different types of trees, but with somewhat similar leaf forms

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Arrowwood – Cornus florida

• Indian arrowwood – Cornus florida

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Ash – Fraxinus spp.

Ash is a hardwood and is hard, dense (within 20% of 670 kg/m³ for Fraxinus americana, and higher at 710 kg/m³ for Fraxinus excelsior), tough and verystrong but elastic, extensively used for making bows, tool handles, baseball bats, hurleys and other uses demanding high strength and resilience.

It is also often used as material for electric guitar bodies and, less commonly, for acoustic guitar bodies, known for its bright, cutting tone and sustaining quality. Some Fender Stratocasters and Telecasters are made of ash, as an alternative to the darker sounding alder. They are also used for making drum shells. Interior joinery is another common user of both European Ash and White Ash. Ash veneers are extensively used in office furniture. Ash is not used extensively outdoors due to the heartwood having a low durability to ground contact, meaning it will typically perish within five years.

• Black ash – Acer negundo, Fraxinus nigra
• Blue ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica
• Cane ash – Fraxinus americana
• Green ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica
• Maple ash – Acer negundo
• Red ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica
• River ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica
• Swamp ash – Fraxinus pennsylvanica
• White ash – Fraxinus americana
• Water ash – Acer negundo, Fraxinus pennsylvanica

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Azolla – Azolla

As an additional benefit to its role as a paddy biofertilizer, Azolla spp. have been used to control mosquito larvae in rice fields. The plant grows in a thick mat on the surface of the water, making it more difficult for the larvae to reach the surface to breathe, effectively choking the larvae.

Azolla (mosquito fern, duckweed fern, fairy moss, water fern) floats on the surface of water by means of numerous, small, closely overlapping scale-like leaves, with their roots hanging in the water. They form a symbiotic relationship with the cyanobacterium Anabaena azollae, which fixes atmospheric nitrogen, giving the plant access to the essential nutrient. This has led to the plant being dubbed a “super-plant”, as it can readily colonise areas of freshwater, and grow at great speed – doubling its biomass every two to three days. The only known limiting factor on its growth is phosphorus, another essential mineral.

• Carolina azolla – Azolla caroliniana

Know : TomTato – Tomato and Potato on the same plant

By combining the genes of tomatoes and potatoes they were able to create a “TomTato”, which is essentially a plant that grows tomatoes and potatoes at the same time. This is the creation of Thompson and Morgan.

  

Courtesy: Thompson and Morgan (For more details please visit their website, we shared this on our blog for educational and non-profit purposes only.

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Know: Gene splicing is a post-transcriptional modification in which a single gene can code for multiple proteins. Gene Splicing is done in eukaryotes, prior to mRNA translation, by the differential inclusion or exclusion of regions of pre-mRNA. Gene splicing is an important source of protein diversity. During a typical gene splicing event, the pre-mRNA transcribed from one gene can lead to different mature mRNA molecules that generate multiple functional proteins. Thus, gene splicing enables a single gene to increase its coding capacity, allowing the synthesis of protein isoforms that are structurally and functionally distinct. Gene splicing is observed in high proportion of genes. In human cells, about 40-60% of the genes are known to exhibit alternative splicing.

EcoPreservation : Mesmeric’ Mushrooms

If there weren’t any mushrooms, our world would be one medium garbage dump. Mushrooms play an important role in the world by breaking down plant and animal material.

Mushrooms are fungi. Fungi are as uniquely different from plants as plants are from animals. In fact, fungi and animals are now in the same super-kingdom, Opisthokonta.

After degradation, the remains are reused by other plants and animals. Mushrooms are unable to produce their own energy to grow so they always live in relationship with other organisms.

In exchange for energy from plants, many mushroom species provide various nutrients that the plants themselves are unable to produce sufficiently.

Mushrooms can have three kinds of relationships with plants: those that clean up (saprophytes), those that kill (parasites) and those that work together (mycorrhizasymbionts).

Studies (2011) showed that mushrooms also use meat in the form of eelworms and other such creatures, to meet their nitrogen requirements!

Fungi recycle plants after they die and transform them into rich soil. If not for mushrooms and fungi, the Earth would be buried in several feet of debris and life on the planet would soon disappear.

The oldest mushroom found in amber is from 90 million years ago—a Cordyceps. Scientists recently discovered a fossil first uncovered in 1859 and named Prototaxites, dating back more than 420 million years, a time when the tallest plants were around 2 feet tall. Prototaxites was 3 feet tall laying down, but if standing was nearly 30 feet high. In either case it would be the tallest organism on land…and it was a giant fungus!

You can make beautiful colors by boiling wild mushrooms and dipping cloth in the resulting broth.

Many mushrooms grow towards light, following the sun just like plant. Unlike with plants, scientists do not yet know how mushrooms use sunlight; only that they do.

The spores of mushrooms are made of chitin, the hardest naturally-made substance on Earth. Some scientists suspect that mushroom spores are capable of space travel; a few even believe that some fungi found on Earth originally came from outer space! (Others believe that people who think this must be from outer space themselves.)

Under the right conditions, some mushrooms’ spores can sit dormant for decades or even a century, and still grow!

Mushrooms are useful not only as food and medicine; some are also being used in bioremediation, to absorb and digest dangerous substances like oil, pesticides and industrial waste, in places where they threaten the environment.

 Images Credit : Unknown / collected from the internet. Credits goes to whosoever concerned.

Earth Our Home Too : Bearded Tit Birds

This is a small orange-brown bird with a long tail and an undulating flight. The male has a grey head and black moustaches (not a beard). Flocks often betray their presence in a reedbed by their characteristic “ping” call.

The Bearded Reedling (Panurus biarmicus) is a small, sexually dimorphic reed-bed passerine bird. It is frequently known as the Bearded Tit, due to some similarities to the Long-tailed Tit, or the Bearded Parrotbill.

This species is a wetland specialist, breeding colonially in large reed beds by lakes or swamps. It eats reed aphids in summer, and reed seeds in winter, its digestive system changing to cope with the very different seasonal diets.

Adult male

Adult Female

The Bearded Reedling is a species of temperate Europe and Asia. It is resident, and most birds do not migrate other than eruptive or cold weather movements. It is vulnerable to hard winters, which may kill many birds. The English population of about 500 pairs is largely confined to the south and east with a small population in Leighton Moss in north Lancashire. In Ireland a handful of pairs breed in County Wexford. The largest single population in Great Britain is to be found in the reedbeds at the mouth of the River Tay in Perth and Kinross, Scotland, where there may be in excess of 250 pairs.

 

Courtesy : Edwin Kats (photos) and Wikipedia

Know : List of Sciences and Studies

S.No	Word	Definition
1	Acarology	The study of ticks and mites
2	Accidence	Grammar book; science of inflections in grammar
3	Aceology	Therapeutics
4	Acology	The study of medical remedies
5	Acoustics	Science of sound
6	Actinobiology	The study of the effects of radiation upon living organisms
7	Actinology	The study of the effect of light on chemicals
8	Adenology	The study of glands
9	Aedoeology	Science of generative organs
10	Aerobiology	A branch of biology that studies organic particles that are transported by the air
11	Aerodonetics	Science or study of gliding
12	Aerodynamics	Dynamics of gases; science of movement in a flow of air or gas
13	Aerolithology	The study of aerolites; meteorites
14	Aerology	The study of the atmosphere
15	Aeronautics	The study of navigation through air or space
16	Aerophilately	Collecting of air-mail stamps
17	Aerostatics	Science of air pressure; art of ballooning
18	Aetiology	The medical study of the causation of disease
19	Agonistics	Art and theory of prize-fighting
20	Agriology	The comparative study of primitive peoples
21	Agrobiology	The study of plant nutrition and growth in relation to soil
22	Agrology	The branch of soil science dealing with the production of crops.
23	Agronomics	The study of productivity of land
24	Agrostology	The study of grasses
25	Alethiology	The study of truth
26	Algedonics	Science of pleasure and pain
27	Algology	The study of algae
28	Allergology	The study of the causes and treatment of allergies
29	Anaesthesiology	The study of anaesthetics
30	Anaglyptics	Art of carving in bas-relief
31	Anagraphy	Art of constructing catalogues
32	Anatomy	The study of the structure of the body
33	Andragogy	Science of teaching adults
34	Andrology	The study of male health
35	Anemology	The study of winds
36	Anesthesiology	The study of anesthesia and anesthetics
37	Angelology	The study of angels
38	Angiology	The study of the anatomy of blood and lymph vascular systems
39	Anthropobiology	The study of human biology
40	Anthropology	The study of humans
41	Anus	Colon and pelvic floor
42	Aphnology	Science of wealth
43	Apiology	The study of bees
44	Arachnology	The study of spiders
45	Archaeology	The study of past cultures
46	Archaeozoology	The study of relationships between humans and animals over time
47	Archelogy	The study of first principles
48	Archology	Science of the origins of government
49	Arctophily	The study of teddy bears
50	Areology	The study of Mars
51	Aretaics	The science of virtue
52	Aristology	The science or art of dining
53	Arthrology	The study of joints
54	Astacology	The study of crawfish
55	Astheniology	The study of diseases of weakening and aging
56	Astrobiology	The study of origin of life
57	Astrogeology	The study of geology of celestial bodies
58	Astrology	The study of influence of stars on people
59	Astrometeorology	The study of effect of stars on climate
60	Astronomy	The study of celestial bodies
61	Astrophysics	The study of behaviour of interstellar matter
62	Astroseismology	The study of star oscillations
63	Atmology	The science of aqueous vapour
64	Audiology	The study of hearing
65	Autecology	The study of the ecology of any individual species
66	Autology	Scientific study of oneself
67	Auxology	Science of growth
68	Avionics	The science of electronic devices for aircraft
69	Axiology	The science of the ultimate nature of values
70	Bacteriology	The study of bacteria
71	Balneology	The science of the therapeutic use of baths
72	Barodynamics	Science of the support and mechanics of bridges
73	Barology	The study of gravitation
74	Batology	The study of brambles
75	Bibliology	The study of books
76	Bibliotics	The study of documents to determine authenticity
77	Bioecology	The study of interaction of life in the environment
78	Biology	The study of life
79	Biometrics	The study of biological measurement
80	Bionomics	The study of organisms interacting in their environments
81	Botany	The study of plants
82	Bromatology	The study of food
83	Brontology	Scientific study of thunder
84	Bryology	The study of mosses and liverworts
85	Cacogenics	The study of racial degeneration
86	Caliology	The study of bird’s nests
87	Calorifics	The study of heat
88	Cambistry	Science of international exchange
89	Campanology	The art of bell ringing
90	Carcinology	The study of crabs and other crustaceans
91	Cardiology	The study of the heart
92	Caricology	The study of sedges
93	Cariology	The study of cells
94	Carpology	The study of fruit
95	Cartography	The science of making maps and globes
96	Cartophily	The hobby of collecting cigarette cards
97	Castrametation	The art of designing a camp
98	Catacoustics	Science of echoes or reflected sounds
99	Catalactics	Science of commercial exchange
100	Catechectics	The art of teaching by question and answer
101	Cetology	The study of cetaceans (e.g. Whales/ dolphins)
102	Chalcography	The art of engraving on copper or brass
103	Chalcotriptics	Art of taking rubbings from ornamental brasses
104	Chaology	The study of chaos or chaos theory
105	Characterology	The study of development of character
106	Chemistry	The study of properties of substances
107	Chirocosmetics	Beautifying the hands; art of manicure
108	Chirography	The study of handwriting or penmanship
109	Chirology	The study of the hands
110	Chiropody	Medical science of feet
111	Chorology	Science of the geographic description of anything
112	Chrematistics	The study of wealth; political economy
113	Chronobiology	The study of biological rhythms
114	Chrysology	The study of precious metals
115	Ciselure	The art of chasing metal
116	Climatology	The study of the climate
117	Clinology	The study of aging or individual decline after maturity
118	Codicology	The study of manuscripts
119	Coleopterology	The study of beetles
120	Cometology	The study of comets
121	Conchology	The study of shells and of molluscs
122	Coniology	The study of dust in the atmosphere and its effects on living organisms
123	Coprology	The study of pornography
124	Cosmetology	The study of cosmetics
125	Cosmology	The study of the universe
126	Craniology	The study of the characteristics of the skull
127	Criminology	The scientific study of crime
128	Cryobiology	The study of life under cold conditions
129	Cryology	The study of very low temperatures and related phenomena
130	Cryptology	The study of codes
131	Cryptozoology	The study of animals for whose existence there is no conclusive proof
132	Ctetology	The study of the inheritance of acquired characteristics
133	Cynology	The study of dogs
134	Cytology	The study of cells
135	Cytomorphology	The study of the structure of cells
136	Cytopathology	The branch of pathology that studies diseases on the cellular level
137	Dactyliology	The study of rings
138	Dactylography	The study of fingerprints
139	Dactylology	The study of sign language
140	Deltiology	The collection and study of picture postcards
141	Demology	The study of human behaviour
142	Demonology	The study of demons
143	Dendrochronology	The study of the age of trees and the records in their rings
144	Dendrology	The study of trees
145	Deontology	The theory or study of moral obligation
146	Dermatoglyphics	The study of skin patterns and fingerprints
147	Dermatology	The study of the skin
148	Dermatopathology	The field of dermatological anatomical pathology
149	Desmology	The study of ligaments
150	Diabetology	The study of diabetes mellitus
151	Diabology	The study of devils
152	Diagraphics	Art of making diagrams or drawings
153	Dialectology	The study of dialects
154	Dioptrics	The study of light refraction
155	Diplomatics	Science of deciphering ancient writings and texts
156	Diplomatology	The study of diplomats
157	Dipterology	The study of flies
158	Docimology	The art of assaying
159	Dosiology	The study of doses
160	Dramaturgy	Art of producing and staging dramatic works
161	Dysgenics	The study of racial degeneration
162	Dysteleology	The study of purposeless organs
163	Ecclesiology	The study of church affairs
164	Eccrinology	The study of excretion
165	Ecohydrology	The study of interactions between organisms and the water cycle
166	Ecology	The study of the relationships between living organisms and their environment
167	Economics	The study of material wealth
168	Ecophysiology	The study of the interrelationship between an organism’s physical functioning and its environment
169	Edaphology	A branch of soil science that studies the influence of soil on life
170	Egyptology	The study of ancient Egypt
171	Ekistics	The study of human settlement
172	Electrochemistry	The study of relations between electricity and chemicals
173	Electrology	The study of electricity
174	Electrophysiology	The study of the relationship between electric phenomena and bodily processes
175	Electrostatics	The study of static electricity
176	Embryology	The study of embryos
177	Emetology	The study of vomiting
178	Emmenology	The study of menstruation
179	Endemiology	The study of local diseases
180	Endocrinology	The study of internal secretory glands
181	Enigmatology	The study of enigmas
182	Entomology	The study of insects
183	Entozoology	The study of parasites that live inside larger organisms
184	Enzymology	The study of enzymes
185	Ephebiatrics	Branch of medicine dealing with adolescence
186	Epidemiology	The study of the origin and spread of diseases
187	Epileptology	The study of epilepsy
188	Epistemology	The study of grounds of knowledge
189	Eremology	The study of deserts
190	Ergology	The study of effects of work on humans
191	Ergonomics	The study of people at work
192	Escapology	The study of freeing oneself from constraints
193	Eschatology	The study of death; final matters
194	Ethnogeny	The study of origins of races or ethnic groups
195	Ethnology	The study of cultures
196	Ethnomethodology	The study of everyday communication
197	Ethnomusicology	The study of comparative musical systems
198	Ethology	The study of animal behavior
199	Ethonomics	The study of economic and ethical principles of a society
200	Etiology	The science of causes; especially of disease
201	Etymology	The study of origins of words
202	Euthenics	Science concerned with improving living conditions
203	Exobiology	The study of life in outer space
204	Exogeology	The study of geology of celestial bodies
205	Felinology	The study of cats
206	Fetology	The study of the fetus
207	Floristry	The art of cultivating and selling flowers
208	Fluviology	The study of watercourses
209	Folkloristics	The study of folklore and fables
210	Futurology	The study of future
211	Garbology	The study of garbage
212	Gastroenterology	The study of stomach; intestines
213	Gastrology Or Gastroenterology	The study of the stomach and intestines
214	Gastronomy	The study of fine dining
215	Gemmology	The study of gems and jewels
216	Gemology	The study of gemstones
217	Genealogy	The study of descent of families
218	Genesiology	The study of reproduction and heredity
219	Genethlialogy	The art of casting horoscopes
220	Geobiology	The study of the biosphere and its relations to the lithosphere and atmosphere
221	Geochemistry	The study of chemistry of the earth’s crust
222	Geochronology	The study of the age of the Earth
223	Geogeny	Science of the formation of the earth’s crust
224	Geogony	The study of formation of the earth
225	Geography	The study of surface of the earth and its inhabitants
226	Geology	The study of the Earth
227	Geomorphogeny	The study of the origins of land forms
228	Geomorphology	The study of present-day landforms
229	Geoponics	The study of agriculture
230	Geotechnics	The study of increasing habitability of the earth
231	Geratology	The study of decadence and decay
232	Gerocomy	The study of old age
233	Gerontology	The study of old age
234	Gigantology	The study of giants
235	Glaciology	The study of glaciers
236	Glossology	The study of language; study of the tongue
237	Glyptography	The art of engraving on gems
238	Glyptology	The study of gem engravings
239	Gnomonics	The art of measuring time using sundials
240	Gnosiology	The study of knowledge; philosophy of knowledge
241	Gnotobiology	The study of life in germ-free conditions
242	Graminology	The study of grasses
243	Grammatology	The study of systems of writing
244	Graphemics	The study of systems of representing speech in writing
245	Graphology	The study of handwriting
246	Gromatics	Science of surveying
247	Gynaecology	The study of women’s physiology
248	Gynecology	The study of medicine relating to women
249	Gyrostatics	The study of rotating bodies
250	Haemataulics	The study of movement of blood through blood vessels
251	Hagiology	The study of saints
252	Halieutics	The study of fishing
253	Hamartiology	The study of sin
254	Harmonics	The study of musical acoustics
255	Hedonics	Part of ethics or psychology dealing with pleasure
256	Helcology	The study of ulcers
257	Heliology	The study of the sun
258	Helioseismology	The study of vibrations and oscillations in the sun
259	Helminthology	The study of parasitic worms
260	Hematology	The study of blood
261	Heortology	The study of religious feasts
262	Hepatology	The study of the liver
263	Heraldry	The study of coats of arms
264	Herbology	The study of the therapeutic use of plants
265	Heresiology	The study of heresies
266	Herpetology	The study of reptiles and amphibians
267	Heteroptology	The study of true bugs
268	Hierology	Science of sacred matters
269	Hippiatrics	The study of diseases of horses
270	Hippology	The study of horses
271	Histology	The study of living tissues
272	Histopathology	The study of the microscopic structure of diseased tissue
273	Historiography	The study of writing history
274	Historiology	The study of history
275	Homiletics	The art of preaching
276	Hoplology	The study of weapons
277	Horography	Art of constructing sundials or clocks
278	Horology	Science of time measurement
279	Horticulture	The study of gardening
280	Hydrobiology	The study of aquatic organisms
281	Hydrodynamics	The study of movement in liquids
282	Hydrogeology	The study of underground water
283	Hydrography	The study of investigating bodies of water
284	Hydrokinetics	The study of motion of fluids
285	Hydrology	The study of water
286	Hydrometeorology	The study of atmospheric moisture
287	Hydropathy	The study of treating diseases with water
288	Hyetology	Science of rainfall
289	Hygiastics	Science of health and hygiene
290	Hygienics	The study of sanitation; health
291	Hygiology	Hygienics; study of cleanliness
292	Hygrology	The study of humidity
293	Hygrometry	Science of humidity
294	Hymnography	The study of writing hymns
295	Hymnology	The study of hymns
296	Hypnology	The study of sleep; study of hypnosis
297	Hypsography	Science of measuring heights
298	Iamatology	The study of remedies
299	Iatrology	Treatise or text on medical topics; study of medicine
300	Iatromathematics	Archaic practice of medicine in conjunction with astrology
301	Ichnography	Art of drawing ground plans; a ground plan
302	Ichnology	The study of fossil footprints
303	Ichthyology	The study of fish
304	Iconography	The study of drawing symbols
305	Iconology	The study of icons; symbols
306	Ideogeny	The study of origins of ideas
307	Ideology	Science of ideas; system of ideas used to justify behaviour
308	Idiomology	The study of idiom, jargon or dialect
309	Idiopsychology	Psychology of one’s own mind
310	Immunogenetics	The study of genetic characteristics of immunity
311	Immunology	The study of the immune system
312	Immunopathology	The study of immunity to disease
313	Insectology	The study of insects
314	Irenology	The study of peace
315	Iridology	The study of the iris; diagnosis of disease based on the iris of the eye
316	Kalology	The study of beauty
317	Karyology	The study of karyotypes (a branch of cytology)
318	Kidology	The study of kidding
319	Kinematics	The study of motion
320	Kinesics	The study of gestural communication
321	Kinesiology	The study of movement in relation to human anatomy
322	Kinetics	The study of forces producing or changing motion
323	Koniology	The study of atmospheric pollutants and dust
324	Ktenology	Science of putting people to death
325	Kymatology	The study of waves or wave motions
326	Labeorphily	Collection and study of beer bottle labels
327	Larithmics	The study of population statistics
328	Laryngology	The study of the larynx
329	Lepidopterology	The study of butterflies and moths
330	Leprology	The study of leprosy
331	Lexicology	The study of words and their meanings
332	Lexigraphy	Art of definition of words
333	Lichenology	The study of lichens
334	Limacology	The study of slugs
335	Limnobiology	The study of freshwater ecosystems
336	Limnology	The study of fresh water environments
337	Linguistics	The study of language
338	Lithology	The study of rocks
339	Liturgiology	The study of liturgical forms and church rituals
340	Loimology	The study of plagues and epidemics
341	Loxodromy	The study of sailing along rhumb-lines
342	Lymphology	The study of the lymph system and glands
343	Magirics	Art of cookery
344	Magnanerie	Art of raising silkworms
345	Magnetics	The study of magnetism
346	Malacology	The study of mollusks
347	Malariology	The study of malaria
348	Mammalogy	The study of mammals
349	Manège	The art of horsemanship
350	Mariology	The study of the Virgin Mary
351	Martyrology	The study of martyrs
352	Mastology	The study of mammals
353	Mathematics	The study of magnitude, number, and forms
354	Mazology	Mammalogy; study of mammals
355	Mechanics	The study of action of force on bodies
356	Meconology	The study of or treatise concerning opium
357	Melittology	The study of bees
358	Mereology	The study of part-whole relationships
359	Mesology	Ecology
360	Metallogeny	The study of the origin and distribution of metal deposits
361	Metallography	The study of the structure and constitution of metals
362	Metallurgy	The study of alloying and treating metals
363	Metaphysics	The study of principles of nature and thought
364	Metapolitics	The study of politics in theory or abstract
365	Metapsychology	The study of nature of the mind
366	Meteoritics	The study of meteors
367	Meteorology	The study of weather
368	Methodology	The study of methods
369	Metrics	The study of versification
370	Metrology	The study of measurement
371	Microanatomy	The study of microscopic tissues
372	Microbiology	The study of micro-organisms
373	Microclimatology	The study of local climates
374	Micrology	The science of preparing and handling microscopic objects
375	Micropalaeontology	The study of microscopic fossils
376	Microphytology	The study of very small plant life
377	Microscopy	The study of minute objects
378	Mineralogy	The study of minerals
379	Molinology	The study of mills and milling
380	Momilogy	The study of mummies
381	Morphology	The study of forms and the development of structures
382	Muscology	The study of mosses
383	Museology	The study of museums
384	Musicology	The study of music
385	Mycology	The study of fungi
386	Myology	The scientific study of muscles
387	Myrmecology	The study of ants
388	Mythology	The study of myths; fables; tales
389	Nanotechnology	The study of machines at the molecular level
390	Nanotribology	The study of friction on the molecular and atomic scale
391	Naology	The study of church or temple architecture
392	Nasology	The study of the nose
393	Nautics	Art of navigation
394	Nematology	The study of nematodes
395	Neonatology	The study of newborn infants
396	Neossology	The study of nestling birds
397	Nephology	The study of clouds
398	Nephrology	The study of the kidneys
399	Neurobiology	The study of anatomy of the nervous system
400	Neurology	The study of nerves
401	Neuropathology	The study of neural diseases
402	Neurophysiology	The study of the functions of the nervous system
403	Neuropsychology	The study of relation between brain and behaviour
404	Neurypnology	The study of hypnotism
405	Neutrosophy	The study of the origin and nature of philosophical neutralities
406	Nidology	The study of nests
407	Nomology	The science of the laws; especially of the mind
408	Noology	Science of the intellect
409	Nose And Throat
410	Nosology	The study of disease classification
411	Nostology	The study of senility
412	Notaphily	Collecting of bank-notes and cheques
413	Numerology	The study of numbers
414	Numismatics	The study of coins
415	Nymphology	The study of nymphs
416	Obstetrics	The study of midwifery
417	Oceanography	The study of oceans
418	Oceanology	The study of oceans
419	Odology	Science of the hypothetical mystical force of od
420	Odonatology	The study of dragonflies and damselflies
421	Odontology	The study of the teeth
422	Oenology	The study of wines
423	Oikology	Science of housekeeping
424	Olfactology	The study of the sense of smell
425	Ombrology	The study of rain
426	Oncology	The study of cancer
427	Oneirology	The study of dreams
428	Onomasiology	The study of nomenclature
429	Onomastics	The study of proper names
430	Ontology	Science of pure being; the nature of things
431	Oology	The study of eggs
432	Ophiology	The study of snakes
433	Ophthalmology	The study of the eyes
434	Optics	The study of light
435	Optology	The study of sight
436	Optometry	Science of examining the eyes
437	Orchidology	The study of orchids
438	Ornithology	The study of birds
439	Orology	The study of mountains and their mapping
440	Orthoepy	The study of correct pronunciation
441	Orthography	The study of spelling
442	Orthopterology	The study of grasshoppers and crickets
443	Oryctology	Mineralogy or paleontology
444	Osmics	Scientific study of smells
445	Osmology	The study of smells and olfactory processes
446	Osphresiology	The study of the sense of smell
447	Osteology	The study of bones
448	Otolaryngology	The study of the ear and throat
449	Otology	The study of the ear
450	Otorhinolaryngology	The study of the ear
451	Paedology	The study of children
452	Paedotrophy	Art of rearing children
453	Paidonosology	The study of children’s diseases; pediatrics
454	Palaeoanthropology	The study of early humans
455	Palaeobiology	The study of fossil plants and animals
456	Palaeoclimatology	The study of ancient climates
457	Palaeolimnology	The study of ancient lakes
458	Palaeontology	The study of fossils
459	Palaeopedology	The study of early soils
460	Paleoanthropology	The study of prehistoric people and human origins
461	Paleobiology	The study of prehistoric life
462	Paleobotany	The study of prehistoric metaphytes
463	Paleoclimatology	The study of prehistoric climates
464	Paleoecology	The study of prehistoric environments by analyzing fossils and rock strata
465	Paleontology	The study of fossils of ancient life
466	Paleo-Osteology	The study of ancient bones
467	Paleophytology	The study of ancient multicellular plants
468	Paleozoology	The study of prehistoric metazoans
469	Palynology	The study of pollen
470	Papyrology	The study of paper
471	Parapsychology	The study of paranormal or psychic phenomenon that defy conventional scientific explanations
472	Parasitology	The study of parasites
473	Paroemiology	The study of proverbs
474	Parthenology	The study of virgins
475	Pataphysics	The science of imaginary solutions
476	Pathology	The study of illness
477	Patrology	The study of early Christianity
478	Pedagogics	The study of teaching
479	Pedology	The study of soils
480	Pelology	The study of mud
481	Penology	The study of crime and punishment
482	Periodontics	The study of gums
483	Peristerophily	Pigeon-collecting
484	Pestology	Science of pests
485	Petrology	The study of rocks and the conditions by which they form
486	Pharmacognosy	The study of drugs of animal and plant origin
487	Pharmacology	The study of drugs
488	Pharology	The study of lighthouses
489	Pharyngology	The study of the throat
490	Phenology	The study of periodic biological phenomena
491	Phenomenology	The study of phenomena
492	Philately	The study of postage stamps
493	Philematology	The act or study of kissing
494	Phillumeny	Collecting of matchbox labels
495	Philology	The study of ancient texts; historical linguistics
496	Philosophy	Science of knowledge or wisdom
497	Phlebology	A branch of medicine that deals with the venous system
498	Phoniatrics	The study and correction of speech defects
499	Phonology	The study of vocal sounds
500	Photobiology	The study of effects of light on organisms
501	Phraseology	The study of phrases
502	Phrenology	The study of bumps on the head
503	Phycology	The study of algae
504	Physics	The study of properties of matter and energy
505	Physiology	The study of the functions of living organisms
506	Phytology	The study of plants; botany
507	Phytopathology	The study of plant diseases
508	Phytosociology	The study of the ecology of plant communities
509	Piscatology	The study of fishes
510	Pisteology	Science or study of faith
511	Planetology	The study of planets and solar systems
512	Planktology	The study of plankton
513	Plutology	Political economy; study of wealth
514	Pneumatics	The study of mechanics of gases
515	Podiatry	The study and treatment of disorders of the foot; chiropody
516	Podology	The study of the feet
517	Polemology	The study of war
518	Pomology	The scientific study of fruits
519	Posology	The study of drug dosage
520	Potamology	The study of rivers
521	Praxeology	The study of practical or efficient activity; science of efficient action
522	Primatology	The study of primates
523	Proctology	The medical study of the rectum
524	Prosody	The study of versification
525	Protistology	The study of protists
526	Proxemics	The study of man’s need for personal space
527	Psalligraphy	The art of paper-cutting to make pictures
528	Psephology	The study of election results and voting trends
529	Pseudology	Art or science of lying
530	Pseudoptics	The study of optical illusions
531	Psychobiology	The study and psychology of organisms with regard to their functions and structures
532	Psychogenetics	The study of internal or mental states
533	Psychognosy	The study of mentality, personality or character
534	Psychology	The study of mental processes in living creatures
535	Psychopathology	The study of mental illness or disorders
536	Psychopharmacology	The study of psychotropic or psychiatric drugs
537	Psychophysics	The study of link between mental and physical processes
538	Psychophysiology	The study of the physiological bases of psychological processes
539	Pteridology	The study of ferns
540	Pterylology	The study of distribution of feathers on birds
541	Pulmonology	The specialty in medicine that deals with diseases of the lungs and the respiratory tract
542	Pyretology	The study of fevers
543	Pyrgology	The study of towers
544	Pyroballogy	The study of artillery
545	Pyrography	The study of woodburning
546	Quinology	The study of quinine
547	Raciology	The study of racial differences
548	Radiology	The study of rays
549	Reflexology	Originally the study of reflexes or of reflex responses
550	Rhabdology	Art of calculating using numbering rods
551	Rheology	The study of flow
552	Rheumatology	The study of rheumatic diseases
553	Rhinology	The study of the nose
554	Rhochrematics	Science of inventory management and the movement of products
555	Runology	The study of runes
556	Sarcology	A subsection of anatomy that studies the soft tissues
557	Satanology	The study of the devil
558	Scatology	The study of feces
559	Schematonics	Art of using gesture to express tones
560	Sciagraphy	Art of shading
561	Scripophily	Collection of bond and share certificates
562	Sedimentology	A branch of geology that studies sediments
563	Seismology	The study of earthquakes
564	Selenodesy	The study of the shape and features of the moon
565	Selenology	The study of the moon
566	Semantics	The study of meaning
567	Semantology	Science of meanings of words
568	Semasiology	The study of meaning; semantics
569	Semiology	The study of signs and signals
570	Semiotics	The study of signs and symbols
571	Serology	The study of blood serum
572	Sexology	The study of sex
573	Siderography	Art of engraving on steel
574	Sigillography	The study of seals
575	Significs	Science of meaning
576	Silvics	The study of tree’s life
577	Sindonology	The study of the shroud of Turin
578	Sinology	The study of China
579	Sitiology	The study of diet
580	Sitology	Dietetics
581	Sociobiology	The study of the effect of evolution on ethology
582	Sociology	The study of society
583	Somatology	The study of human characteristics
584	Sometimes Spelled Foetology Formicology	The study of ants
585	Somnology	The study of sleep
586	Sophiology	Science of ideas
587	Soteriology	The study of theological salvation
588	Spectrology	The study of ghosts
589	Spectroscopy	The study of spectra
590	Speleology	The study or exploration of caves
591	Spermology	The study of seeds
592	Sphagnology	The study of peat moss
593	Sphragistics	The study of seals and signets
594	Sphygmology	The study of the pulse
595	Splanchnology	The study of the entrails or viscera
596	Spongology	The study of sponges
597	Stasiology	The study of political parties
598	Statics	The study of bodies and forces in equilibrium
599	Stemmatology	The study of relationships between texts
600	Stoichiology	Science of elements of animal tissues
601	Stomatology	The study of the mouth
602	Storiology	The study of folk tales
603	Stratigraphy	The study of geological layers or strata
604	Stratography	Art of leading an army
605	Stylometry	The studying literature by means of statistical analysis
606	Suicidology	The study of suicide
607	Symbology	The study of symbols
608	Symptomatology	The study of symptoms
609	Synecology	The study of the ecological interrelationships
610	Synectics	The study of processes of invention
611	Syntax	The study of sentence structure
612	Syphilology	The study of syphilis
613	Systematology	The study of systems
614	Taxidermy	Art of curing and stuffing animals
615	Technology	The study of the practical arts
616	Tectonics	Science of structure of objects, buildings and landforms
617	Tegestology	The study and collecting of beer mats
618	Teleology	The study of final causes; analysis in terms of purpose
619	Telmatology	The study of swamps
620	Teratology	The study of monsters, freaks, abnormal growths or malformations
621	Teuthology	The study of cephalopods
622	Textology	The study of the production of texts
623	Thalassography	Science of the sea
624	Thanatology	The study of death and its customs
625	Thaumatology	The study of miracles
626	Theology	The study of religion; religious doctrine
627	Theriatrics	Veterinary medicine
628	Theriogenology	The study of animals’ reproductive systems
629	Thermodynamics	The study of relation of heat to motion
630	Thermokinematics	The study of motion of heat
631	Thermology	The study of heat
632	Therology	The study of wild mammals
633	Thremmatology	Science of breeding domestic animals and plants
634	Threpsology	Science of nutrition
635	Tidology	The study of tides
636	Timbrology	The study of postage stamps
637	Tocology	The study of childbirth
638	Tonetics	The study of pronunciation
639	Topology	The mathematical study of closeness and connectedness
640	Toponymics	The study of place-names
641	Toreutics	The study of artistic work in metal
642	Toxicology	The study of poisons
643	Toxophily	Love of archery; archery; study of archery
644	Tracks	And burrows
645	Traumatology	The study of wounds and injuries.
646	Tribology	The study of friction and lubrication
647	Trichology	The study of hair and the scalp
648	Trophology	The study of nutrition
649	Tsiganology	The study of gypsies
650	Turnery	Art of turning in a lathe
651	Typhlology	The study of blindness and the blind
652	Typography	Art of printing or using type
653	Typology	The study of classification
654	Ufology	The study of alien spacecraft
655	Uranography	Descriptive astronomy and mapping
656	Uranology	The study of the heavens; astronomy
657	Urbanology	The study of cities
658	Urenology	The study of rust molds
659	Urology	The study of the urogenital tract.
660	Usually ionising radiation
661	Vaccinology	The study of vaccines
662	Venereology	The study of venereal disease
663	Vermeology	The study of worms
664	Vexillology	The study of flags
665	Victimology	The study of victims
666	Vinology	Scientific study of vines and winemaking
667	Virology	The study of viruses
668	Vitrics	Glassy materials; glassware; study of glassware
669	Volcanology	The study of volcanoes
670	Volcanology (Or Vulcanology)	The study of volcanoes
671	Vulcanology	The study of volcanoes
672	Xenobiology	The study of non-terrestrial life
673	Xylography	Art of engraving on wood
674	Xylology	The study of wood
675	Zenography	The study of the planet Jupiter
676	Zoiatrics	Veterinary surgery
677	Zooarchaeology	The study and analysis of animal remains at archaeological sites to reconstruct relationships between people, animals and their environment
678	Zoochemistry	Chemistry of animals
679	Zoogeography	The study of geographic distribution of animals
680	Zoogeology	The study of fossil animal remains
681	Zoology	The study of animals
682	Zoonomy	Animal physiology
683	Zoonosology	The study of animal diseases
684	Zoopathology	The study of animal diseases
685	Zoophysics	Physics of animal bodies
686	Zoophysiology	The study of physiology of animals
687	Zoophytology	The study of plant-like animals
688	Zoopsychology	The study of mental processes in animals
689	Zoosemiotics	The study of animal communication
690	Zootaxy	Science of classifying animals
691	Zootechnics	Science of breeding animals
692	Zygology	Science of joining and fastening
693	Zymology	The study of fermentation
694	Zymurgy	Branch of chemistry dealing with brewing and distilling