Documentary : Know Romania

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Romania (Roumania and Rumania) is a country located at the intersection of Central and Southeastern Europe, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south. At 238,391 square kilometres (92,043 sq mi), Romania is the eighth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with 20,121,641 people (20 October 2011). Its capital and largest city is Bucharest – the sixth largest city in the EU.

The United Principalities emerged when the territories of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. In 1866 Prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen was called to the throne as the Ruling Prince of the Romanian Principate and in 1881 he was finally crowned as King Carol I the first monarch of the Kingdom of Romania. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognised the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania.

Following the outbreak of World War II on 1 September 1939, the Kingdom of Romania under King Carol II officially adopted a position of neutrality. In summer 1940, a series of territorial disputes were resolved unfavorably to Romania, resulting in the loss of most of the territory gained in the wake of World War I. This caused the popularity of Romania’s government to plummet.World War II gave cause to the rise of a military dictatorship in Romania under far-right Marshal Ion Antonescu, who chose to fight on the side of the Axis powers from 1941 to 1944 in order to regain the provinces. After his removal, Romania switched sides in 1944 and joined the Allies. By the end of the war, some formerly Romanian northeastern territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, with Red Army units stationed on Romanian soil. In 1947 Romania forcibly became a People’s Republic (1947–1965) and a member of the Warsaw Pact. In 1965 Nicolae Ceauşescu became General Secretary of the Romanian Workers’ Party, and the harsh austerity measures, political repression, and cult of personality he implemented led to the Socialist Republic of Romania (1965–1989) becoming the most Stalinist police state in the Eastern bloc. Eventually his authoritarian government was toppled in December 1989 during the Romanian Revolution.

With the fall of the Iron Curtain, Romania began its transition towards democracy and a capitalist market economy. After a decade of post-revolution economic problems and living-standards decline, extensive reforms fostered economic recovery. As of 2010, Romania is an upper-middle income country with a high Human Development Index. Romania joined NATO on 29 March 2004, and the European Union on 1 January 2007. It is also a member of the Latin Union, Francophonie, OSCE, WTO,BSEC, United Nations, etc. Today, Romania is a unitary semi-presidential republic, in which the executive branch consists of thePresident and the Government.

Courtesy : Youtube, Wikipedia and ~ Bright Romeo ~

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Know : World Trade Organization (WTO)

Brief Overview:

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations. Its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.

The result is assurance. Consumers and producers know that they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products, components, raw materials and services that they use. Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them.

The result is also a more prosperous, peaceful and accountable economic world. Virtually all decisions in the WTO are taken by consensus among all member countries and they are ratified by members’ parliaments. Trade friction is channelled into the WTO’s dispute settlement process where the focus is on interpreting agreements and commitments, and how to ensure that countries’ trade policies conform with them. That way, the risk of disputes spilling over into political or military conflict is reduced.

By lowering trade barriers, the WTO’s system also breaks down other barriers between peoples and nations.

At the heart of the system — known as the multilateral trading system — are the WTO’s agreements, negotiated and signed by a large majority of the world’s trading nations, and ratified in their parliaments. These agreements are the legal ground-rules for international commerce. Essentially, they are contracts, guaranteeing member countries important trade rights. They also bind governments to keep their trade policies within agreed limits to everybody’s benefit.

The agreements were negotiated and signed by governments. But their purpose is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

The goal is to improve the welfare of the peoples of the 159 member states.

   Members,

   Members, dually represented by the European Union

   Observers

   Non-members

The History : 

The World Trade Organization came into being in 1995. One of the youngest of the international organizations, the WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War. So while the WTO is still young, the multilateral trading system that was originally set up under GATT is well over 50 years old. (click here to read the complete history)

In 2000, new talks started on agriculture and services. These have now been incorporated into a broader agenda launched at the fourth WTO Ministerial Conference in Doha, Qatar, in November 2001.

The work programme, the Doha Development Agenda (DDA), adds negotiations and other work on non-agricultural tariffs, trade and environment, WTO rules such as anti-dumping and subsidies, investment, competition policy, trade facilitation, transparency in government procurement, intellectual property, and a range of issues raised by developing countries as difficulties they face in implementing the present WTO agreements.

It does this by:
Administering trade agreements
Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
Settling trade disputes
Reviewing national trade policies
Assisting developing countries in trade policy issues, through technical assistance and training programmes
Cooperating with other international organizations

Organizational Structure

The WTO has about 150 members, accounting for about 95% of world trade. Around 30 others are negotiating membership.

Decisions are made by the entire membership. This is typically by consensus. A majority vote is also possible but it has never been used in the WTO, and was extremely rare under the WTO’s predecessor, GATT. The WTO’s agreements have been ratified in all members’ parliaments.

The WTO’s top level decision-making body is the Ministerial Conference which meets at least once every two years.

Below this is the General Council (normally ambassadors and heads of delegation in Geneva, but sometimes officials sent from members’ capitals) which meets several times a year in the Geneva headquarters. The General Council also meets as the Trade Policy Review Body and the Dispute Settlement Body.

At the next level, the Goods Council, Services Council and Intellectual Property (TRIPS) Council report to the General Council.

Numerous specialized committees, working groups and working parties deal with the individual agreements and other areas such as the environment, development, membership applications and regional trade agreements.

Secretariat

The WTO Secretariat, based in Geneva, has around 600 staff and is headed by a director-general (Roberto Azevêdo). Its annual budget is roughly 160 million Swiss francs. It does not have branch offices outside Geneva. Since decisions are taken by the members themselves, the Secretariat does not have the decision-making role that other inter-Secretariat, Genevanational bureaucracies are given.

The WTO agreements
How can you ensure that trade is as fair as possible, and as free as is practical? By negotiating rules and abiding by them. (Click here to read more about the WTO agreements)

The WTO is ‘rules-based’; its rules are negotiated agreements.

> Overview: a navigational guide
> Tariffs: more bindings and closer to zero
> Agriculture: fairer markets for farmers
> Standards and safety
> Textiles: back in the mainstream
> Services: rules for growth and investment
> Intellectual property: protection and enforcement
> Anti-dumping, subsidies, safeguards: contingencies, etc
> Non-tariff barriers: red tape, etc
> Plurilaterals: of minority interest
> Trade policy reviews: ensuring transparency

10 benefits of the WTO trading system

From the money in our pockets and the goods and services that we use, to a more peaceful world — the WTO and the trading system offer a range of benefits, some well-known, others not so obvious.

1. The system helps promote peace
2. Disputes are handled constructively
3. Rules make life easier for all
4. Freer trade cuts the costs of living
5. It provides more choice of products and qualities
6. Trade raises incomes
7. Trade stimulates economic growth
8. The basic principles make life more efficient
9. Governments are shielded from lobbying
10. The system encourages good government

10 common misunderstandings about the WTO

Is it a dictatorial tool of the rich and powerful? Does it destroy jobs? Does it ignore the concerns of health, the environment and development?  Emphatically no. Criticisms of the WTO are often based on fundamental misunderstandings of the way the WTO works.

1. WTO dictates?
2. Blindly for trade?
3. Ignores development?
4. Anti-green?
5. Anti-health?
6. Wrecks jobs?
7. Small left out?
8. Tool of lobbies?
9. Weak forced to join?
10. Undemocratic?

____

Courtesy and Source : www.wto.org, Wikipedia and Google

Know : Basel Convention ( Treaty to prevent transfer of Hazardous Waste between Nations)

What is the Basel Convention?

The Basel Convention is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, and specifically to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate.

The overarching objective of the Basel Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects of hazardous wastes. Its scope of application covers a wide range of wastes defined as “hazardous wastes” based on their origin and/or composition and their characteristics, as well as two types of wastes defined as “other wastes” – household waste and incinerator ash.

The Convention was opened for signature on 22 March 1989, and entered into force on 5 May 1992. As of May 2013, 179 states and the European Union are parties to the Convention. Haiti and the United States have signed the Convention but not ratified (Making something valid by formally ratifying or confirming it) it.

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Nations that have signed and ratified the Basel Convention, along with nations that have signed but have not ratified the agreement. Rest not signed

When and Why it was formed?

With the tightening of environmental laws (for example, RCRA) in developing nations in the 1970s, disposal costs for hazardous waste rose dramatically. At the same time, globalization of shipping made a transboundary movement of waste more accessible, and many LDCs were desperate for foreign currency. Consequently, the trade in hazardous waste, particularly LDCs, grew rapidly.

One of the incidents which led to the creation of the Basel Convention was the Khian Sea waste disposal incident, in which a ship carrying incinerator ash from the city of Philadelphia in the United States dumped half of its load on a beach in Haiti before being forced away. It sailed for many months, changing its name several times. Unable to unload the cargo in any port, the crew was believed to have dumped much of it at sea.

Another is the 1988 Koko case in which 5 ships transported 8,000 barrels of hazardous waste from Italy to the small town of Koko in Nigeria in exchange for $100 monthly rent which was paid to a Nigerian for the use of his farmland.

These practices have been deemed “Toxic Colonialism” by many developing countries.

Export of E-Waste

Only around 4% of hazardous wastes that come from OECD [Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development] countries are actually shipped across international borders. These wastes include, among others, chemical waste, radioactive waste, municipal solid waste, asbestos, incinerator ash, and old tires. Of internationally shipped waste that comes from developed countries, more than half is shipped for recovery and the remainder for final disposal.

Increased trade in recyclable materials has led to an increase in a market for used products such as computers. This market is valued in billions of dollars. At issue is the distinction when used computers stop being a “commodity” and become a “waste”.

As of 2013, there are 180 parties(countries) to the treaty. The UN member states that are not party to the treaty are Angola, Burma, East Timor, Fiji, Grenada, Haiti, São Tomé and Príncipe,San Marino, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Tajikistan, Tuvalu, United States, and Vanuatu.

Country wise details on Status of Ratifications, Country Contacts, Agreements, Imports / Export Restrictions, NationalDefinitions, NationalLegislation, NationalReporting and Country Fact Sheets can be downloaded from the respective links from their site. (Click on the respective link)

Courtesy and Source : Wikipedia and http://www.basel.int/

Related articles

• Hazardous Waste Disposal (graemesanderson.wordpress.com)
• Detrimental Digital Dumping in Ghana – Condensed Version (alyssadombrosky.wordpress.com)
• How Incinerator Manufacturers Improved the Safety of their Equipment (valariearthur.wordpress.com)
• ∞ Repairability, then reusability, then recyclability (loopinsight.com)
• BIT ROT project (by Valentino Bellini) (politicadechatarra.wordpress.com)

Know : List of All Noble Prize Winners

The Nobel Prizes (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Each recipient, or “laureate”, receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money, which is decided by the Nobel Foundation, yearly. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.

555 Nobel Prizes!

Between 1901 and 2012, the Nobel Prizes and the Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 555 times.

Nobel Prize	Number of Prizes	Number of Laureates	Awarded to one Laureate	Shared by two Laureates	Shared by three Laureates
Physics	106	194	47	29	29
Chemistry	104	163	63	22	18
Medicine	103	201	38	31	33
Literature	105	109	100	4	–
Peace	93	100+24	62	28	2
Economic Sciences	44	71	22	16	5
Total:	555	862	332	130	87

Only 44 Nobel Prizes to Women!

Between 1901 and 2012 the Nobel Prize and Prize in Economic Sciences have been awarded 44 times to women. List of all female Nobel Laureates

List of all Noble Prize Laureates (Winners)

Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics
1901	Wilhelm Röntgen	Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff	Emil Adolf von Behring	Sully Prudhomme	Henry Dunant; Frédéric Passy	—
1902	Hendrik Lorentz; Pieter Zeeman	Hermann Emil Fischer	Ronald Ross	Theodor Mommsen	Élie Ducommun; Charles Albert Gobat	—
1903	Henri Becquerel; Pierre Curie; Marie Curie	Svante Arrhenius	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson	Randal Cremer	—
1904	Lord Rayleigh	William Ramsay	Ivan Pavlov	Frédéric Mistral; José Echegaray	Institut de Droit International	—
1905	Philipp Lenard	Adolf von Baeyer	Robert Koch	Henryk Sienkiewicz	Bertha von Suttner	—
1906	J. J. Thomson	Henri Moissan	Camillo Golgi; Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Giosuè Carducci	Theodore Roosevelt	—
1907	Albert Abraham Michelson	Eduard Buchner	Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran	Rudyard Kipling	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta; Louis Renault	—
1908	Gabriel Lippmann	Ernest Rutherford	Élie Metchnikoff; Paul Ehrlich	Rudolf Christoph Eucken	Klas Pontus Arnoldson; Fredrik Bajer	—
1909	Karl Ferdinand Braun; Guglielmo Marconi	Wilhelm Ostwald	Emil Theodor Kocher	Selma Lagerlöf	Auguste Marie François Beernaert; Paul-Henri-Benjamin d’Estournelles de Constant	—
1910	Johannes Diderik van der Waals	Otto Wallach	Albrecht Kossel	Paul Heyse	International Peace Bureau	—
1911	Wilhelm Wien	Marie Curie	Allvar Gullstrand	Maurice Maeterlinck	Tobias Asser; Alfred Hermann Fried	—
1912	Gustaf Dalén	Victor Grignard; Paul Sabatier	Alexis Carrel	Gerhart Hauptmann	Elihu Root	—
1913	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Alfred Werner	Charles Richet	Rabindranath Tagore	Henri La Fontaine	—
1914	Max von Laue	Theodore William Richards	Robert Bárány	None	None	—
1915	William Henry Bragg; William Lawrence Bragg	Richard Willstätter	None	Romain Rolland	None	—
1916	None	None	None	Verner von Heidenstam	None	—
1917	Charles Glover Barkla	None	None	Karl Adolph Gjellerup; Henrik Pontoppidan	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1918	Max Planck	Fritz Haber	None	None	None	—
1919	Johannes Stark	None	Jules Bordet	Carl Spitteler	Woodrow Wilson	—
1920	Charles Édouard Guillaume	Walther Nernst	August Krogh	Knut Hamsun	Léon Bourgeois	—
1921	Albert Einstein	Frederick Soddy	None	Anatole France	Hjalmar Branting; Christian Lous Lange	—
1922	Niels Bohr	Francis William Aston	Archibald Hill; Otto Fritz Meyerhof	Jacinto Benavente	Fridtjof Nansen	—
1923	Robert Andrews Millikan	Fritz Pregl	Frederick Banting; John James Rickard Macleod	W. B. Yeats	None	—
1924	Manne Siegbahn	None	Willem Einthoven	Władysław Reymont	None	—
1925	James Franck; Gustav Ludwig Hertz	Richard Adolf Zsigmondy	None	George Bernard Shaw	Austen Chamberlain; Charles G. Dawes	—
1926	Jean Baptiste Perrin	Theodor Svedberg	Johannes Fibiger	Grazia Deledda	Aristide Briand; Gustav Stresemann	—
1927	Arthur Compton; Charles Thomson Rees Wilson	Heinrich Otto Wieland	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Henri Bergson	Ferdinand Buisson; Ludwig Quidde	—
1928	Owen Willans Richardson	Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus	Charles Nicolle	Sigrid Undset	None	—
1929	Louis de Broglie	Arthur Harden; Hans von Euler-Chelpin	Christiaan Eijkman; Frederick Gowland Hopkins	Thomas Mann	Frank B. Kellogg	—
1930	C. V. Raman	Hans Fischer	Karl Landsteiner	Sinclair Lewis	Nathan Söderblom	—
1931	None	Carl Bosch; Friedrich Bergius	Otto Heinrich Warburg	Erik Axel Karlfeldt	Jane Addams; Nicholas Murray Butler	—
1932	Werner Heisenberg	Irving Langmuir	Charles Scott Sherrington; Edgar Adrian	John Galsworthy	None	—
1933	Erwin Schrödinger; Paul Dirac	None	Thomas Hunt Morgan	Ivan Bunin	Norman Angell	—
1934	None	Harold Urey	George Whipple; George Minot; William P. Murphy	Luigi Pirandello	Arthur Henderson	—
1935	James Chadwick	Frédéric Joliot-Curie; Irène Joliot-Curie	Hans Spemann	None	Carl von Ossietzky	—
1936	Victor Francis Hess; Carl David Anderson	Peter Debye	Henry Hallett Dale; Otto Loewi	Eugene O’Neill	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	—
1937	Clinton Davisson; George Paget Thomson	Norman Haworth; Paul Karrer	Albert Szent-Györgyi	Roger Martin du Gard	The Viscount Cecil of Chelwood	—
1938	Enrico Fermi	Richard Kuhn[A]	Corneille Heymans	Pearl S. Buck	Nansen International Office For Refugees	—
1939	Ernest Lawrence	Adolf Butenandt;[A] Leopold Ružička	Gerhard Domagk[A]	Frans Eemil Sillanpää	None	—
1940	None	None	None	None	None	—
1941	None	None	None	None	None	—
1942	None	None	None	None	None	—
1943	Otto Stern	George de Hevesy	Henrik Dam; Edward Adelbert Doisy	None	None	—
1944	Isidor Isaac Rabi	Otto Hahn	Joseph Erlanger; Herbert Spencer Gasser	Johannes Vilhelm Jensen	International Committee of the Red Cross	—
1945	Wolfgang Pauli	Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Alexander Fleming; Ernst Boris Chain; Howard Florey	Gabriela Mistral	Cordell Hull	—
1946	Percy Williams Bridgman	James B. Sumner; John Howard Northrop; Wendell Meredith Stanley	Hermann Joseph Muller	Hermann Hesse	Emily Greene Balch; John Mott	—
1947	Edward Victor Appleton	Robert Robinson	Carl Ferdinand Cori; Gerty Cori; Bernardo Houssay	André Gide	Friends Service Council; American Friends Service Committee	—
1948	Patrick Blackett	Arne Tiselius	Paul Hermann Müller	T. S. Eliot	None[B]	—
1949	Hideki Yukawa	William Giauque	Walter Rudolf Hess; António Egas Moniz	William Faulkner	John Boyd Orr	—
1950	C. F. Powell	Otto Diels; Kurt Alder	Philip Showalter Hench; Edward Calvin Kendall; Tadeus Reichstein	Bertrand Russell	Ralph Bunche	—
1951	John Cockcroft; Ernest Walton	Edwin McMillan; Glenn T. Seaborg	Max Theiler	Pär Lagerkvist	Léon Jouhaux	—
1952	Felix Bloch; Edward Mills Purcell	Archer John Porter Martin; Richard Laurence Millington Synge	Selman Waksman	François Mauriac	Albert Schweitzer	—
1953	Frits Zernike	Hermann Staudinger	Hans Adolf Krebs; Fritz Albert Lipmann	Winston Churchill	George Marshall	—
1954	Max Born; Walther Bothe	Linus Pauling	John Franklin Enders; Frederick Chapman Robbins; Thomas Huckle Weller	Ernest Hemingway	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	—
1955	Willis Lamb; Polykarp Kusch	Vincent du Vigneaud	Hugo Theorell	Halldór Laxness	None	—
1956	John Bardeen; Walter Houser Brattain; William Shockley	Cyril Norman Hinshelwood; Nikolay Semyonov	André Frédéric Cournand; Werner Forssmann; Dickinson W. Richards	Juan Ramón Jiménez	None	—
1957	Chen Ning Yang; Tsung-Dao Lee	The Lord Todd	Daniel Bovet	Albert Camus	Lester B. Pearson	—
1958	Pavel Cherenkov; Ilya Frank; Igor Tamm	Frederick Sanger	George Wells Beadle; Edward Lawrie Tatum; Joshua Lederberg	Boris Pasternak[C]	Dominique Pire	—
1959	Emilio G. Segrè; Owen Chamberlain	Jaroslav Heyrovský	Arthur Kornberg; Severo Ochoa	Salvatore Quasimodo	Philip Noel-Baker	—
1960	Donald A. Glaser	Willard Libby	Frank Macfarlane Burnet; Peter Medawar	Saint-John Perse	Albert Lutuli	—
1961	Robert Hofstadter; Rudolf Mössbauer	Melvin Calvin	Georg von Békésy	Ivo Andrić	Dag Hammarskjöld	—
1962	Lev Landau	Max Perutz; John Kendrew	Francis Crick; James D. Watson; Maurice Wilkins	John Steinbeck	Linus Pauling	—
1963	Eugene Wigner; Maria Goeppert-Mayer; J. Hans D. Jensen	Karl Ziegler; Giulio Natta	John Eccles; Alan Lloyd Hodgkin; Andrew Huxley	Giorgos Seferis	International Committee of the Red Cross; League of Red Cross societies	—
1964	Charles Hard Townes; Nikolay Basov; Alexander Prokhorov	Dorothy Hodgkin	Konrad Emil Bloch; Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen	Jean-Paul Sartre[D]	Martin Luther King, Jr.	—
1965	Sin-Itiro Tomonaga; Julian Schwinger; Richard Feynman	Robert Burns Woodward	François Jacob; André Michel Lwoff; Jacques Monod	Mikhail Sholokhov	United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	—
1966	Alfred Kastler	Robert S. Mulliken	Francis Peyton Rous; Charles Brenton Huggins	Shmuel Yosef Agnon; Nelly Sachs	None	—
1967	Hans Bethe	Manfred Eigen; Ronald George Wreyford Norrish; George Porter	Ragnar Granit; Haldan Keffer Hartline; George Wald	Miguel Ángel Asturias	None	—
1968	Luis Walter Alvarez	Lars Onsager	Robert W. Holley; Har Gobind Khorana; Marshall Warren Nirenberg	Yasunari Kawabata	René Cassin	—
1969	Murray Gell-Mann	Derek Barton; Odd Hassel	Max Delbrück; Alfred Hershey; Salvador Luria	Samuel Beckett	International Labour Organization	Ragnar Frisch; Jan Tinbergen
1970	Hannes Alfvén; Louis Néel	Luis Federico Leloir	Julius Axelrod; Ulf von Euler; Bernard Katz	Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn	Norman Borlaug	Paul Samuelson
1971	Dennis Gabor	Gerhard Herzberg	Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.	Pablo Neruda	Willy Brandt	Simon Kuznets
1972	John Bardeen; Leon Cooper; John Robert Schrieffer	Christian B. Anfinsen; Stanford Moore; William Howard Stein	Gerald Edelman; Rodney Robert Porter	Heinrich Böll	None	John Hicks; Kenneth Arrow
1973	Leo Esaki; Ivar Giaever; Brian David Josephson	Ernst Otto Fischer; Geoffrey Wilkinson	Karl von Frisch; Konrad Lorenz; Nikolaas Tinbergen	Patrick White	Henry Kissinger; Le Duc Tho[E]	Wassily Leontief
1974	Martin Ryle; Antony Hewish	Paul Flory	Albert Claude; Christian de Duve; George Emil Palade	Eyvind Johnson; Harry Martinson	Seán MacBride; Eisaku Satō	Gunnar Myrdal; Friedrich Hayek
1975	Aage Bohr; Ben Roy Mottelson; James Rainwater	John Cornforth; Vladimir Prelog	David Baltimore; Renato Dulbecco; Howard Martin Temin	Eugenio Montale	Andrei Sakharov	Leonid Kantorovich; Tjalling Koopmans
1976	Burton Richter; Samuel C. C. Ting	William Lipscomb	Baruch Samuel Blumberg; Daniel Carleton Gajdusek	Saul Bellow	Betty Williams; Mairead Maguire	Milton Friedman
1977	Philip Warren Anderson; Nevill Francis Mott; John Hasbrouck Van Vleck	Ilya Prigogine	Roger Guillemin; Andrew Schally; Rosalyn Sussman Yalow	Vicente Aleixandre	Amnesty International	Bertil Ohlin; James Meade
1978	Pyotr Kapitsa; Arno Allan Penzias; Robert Woodrow Wilson	Peter D. Mitchell	Werner Arber; Daniel Nathans; Hamilton O. Smith	Isaac Bashevis Singer	Anwar Sadat; Menachem Begin	Herbert A. Simon
1979	Sheldon Lee Glashow; Abdus Salam; Steven Weinberg	Herbert C. Brown; Georg Wittig	Allan McLeod Cormack; Godfrey Hounsfield	Odysseas Elytis	Mother Teresa	Theodore Schultz; Arthur Lewis
1980	James Cronin; Val Logsdon Fitch	Paul Berg; Walter Gilbert; Frederick Sanger	Baruj Benacerraf; Jean Dausset; George Davis Snell	Czesław Miłosz	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Lawrence Klein
1981	Nicolaas Bloembergen; Arthur Leonard Schawlow; Kai Siegbahn	Kenichi Fukui; Roald Hoffmann	Roger Wolcott Sperry; David H. Hubel; Torsten Wiesel	Elias Canetti	United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	James Tobin
1982	Kenneth G. Wilson	Aaron Klug	Sune Bergström; Bengt I. Samuelsson; John Vane	Gabriel García Márquez	Alva Myrdal; Alfonso García Robles	George Stigler
1983	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar; William Alfred Fowler	Henry Taube	Barbara McClintock	William Golding	Lech Wałęsa	Gérard Debreu
1984	Carlo Rubbia; Simon van der Meer	Robert Bruce Merrifield	Niels Kaj Jerne; Georges J. F. Köhler; César Milstein	Jaroslav Seifert	Desmond Tutu	Richard Stone
1985	Klaus von Klitzing	Herbert A. Hauptman; Jerome Karle	Michael Stuart Brown; Joseph L. Goldstein	Claude Simon	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	Franco Modigliani
1986	Ernst Ruska; Gerd Binnig; Heinrich Rohrer	Dudley R. Herschbach; Yuan T. Lee; John Polanyi	Stanley Cohen; Rita Levi-Montalcini	Wole Soyinka	Elie Wiesel	James M. Buchanan
1987	Johannes Georg Bednorz; Karl Alexander Müller	Donald J. Cram; Jean-Marie Lehn; Charles J. Pedersen	Susumu Tonegawa	Joseph Brodsky	Óscar Arias	Robert Solow
1988	Leon M. Lederman; Melvin Schwartz; Jack Steinberger	Johann Deisenhofer; Robert Huber; Hartmut Michel	James W. Black; Gertrude B. Elion; George H. Hitchings	Naguib Mahfouz	United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces	Maurice Allais
1989	Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.; Hans Georg Dehmelt; Wolfgang Paul	Sidney Altman; Thomas Cech	J. Michael Bishop; Harold E. Varmus	Camilo José Cela	Tenzin Gyatso (The Dalai Lama)	Trygve Haavelmo
1990	Jerome Isaac Friedman; Henry Way Kendall; Richard E. Taylor	Elias James Corey	Joseph Murray; E. Donnall Thomas	Octavio Paz	Mikhail Gorbachev	Harry Markowitz; Merton Miller; William Forsyth Sharpe
1991	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	Richard R. Ernst	Erwin Neher; Bert Sakmann	Nadine Gordimer	Aung San Suu Kyi	Ronald Coase
1992	Georges Charpak	Rudolph A. Marcus	Edmond H. Fischer; Edwin G. Krebs	Derek Walcott	Rigoberta Menchú	Gary Becker
1993	Russell Alan Hulse; Joseph Hooton Taylor, Jr.	Kary Mullis; Michael Smith	Richard J. Roberts; Phillip Allen Sharp	Toni Morrison	Nelson Mandela; F. W. de Klerk	Robert Fogel; Douglass North
1994	Bertram Brockhouse; Clifford Shull	George Andrew Olah	Alfred G. Gilman; Martin Rodbell	Kenzaburō Ōe	Yasser Arafat; Shimon Peres; Yitzhak Rabin	John Harsanyi; John Forbes Nash, Jr.; Reinhard Selten
1995	Martin Lewis Perl; Frederick Reines	Paul J. Crutzen; Mario J. Molina; Frank Sherwood Rowland	Edward B. Lewis; Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard; Eric F. Wieschaus	Seamus Heaney	Joseph Rotblat; Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Robert Lucas, Jr.
1996	David Lee; Douglas Osheroff; Robert Coleman Richardson	Robert F. Curl Jr.; Harry Kroto; Richard Smalley	Peter C. Doherty; Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Wisława Szymborska	Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo; José Ramos-Horta	James Mirrlees; William Vickrey
1997	Steven Chu; Claude Cohen-Tannoudji; William Daniel Phillips	Paul D. Boyer; John E. Walker; Jens Christian Skou	Stanley B. Prusiner	Dario Fo	International Campaign to Ban Landmines; Jody Williams	Robert C. Merton; Myron Scholes
1998	Robert B. Laughlin; Horst Ludwig Störmer; Daniel C. Tsui	Walter Kohn; John Pople	Robert F. Furchgott; Louis Ignarro; Ferid Murad	José Saramago	John Hume; David Trimble	Amartya Sen
1999	Gerard ‘t Hooft; Martinus J. G. Veltman	Ahmed Zewail	Günter Blobel	Günter Grass	Médecins Sans Frontières	Robert Mundell
2000	Zhores Alferov; Herbert Kroemer; Jack Kilby	Alan J. Heeger; Alan MacDiarmid; Hideki Shirakawa	Arvid Carlsson; Paul Greengard; Eric Kandel	Gao Xingjian	Kim Dae-jung	James Heckman; Daniel McFadden
2001	Eric Allin Cornell; Wolfgang Ketterle; Carl Wieman	William Standish Knowles; Ryōji Noyori; Karl Barry Sharpless	Leland H. Hartwell; Tim Hunt; Paul Nurse	V. S. Naipaul	United Nations; Kofi Annan	George Akerlof; Michael Spence; Joseph Stiglitz
2002	Raymond Davis, Jr.; Masatoshi Koshiba; Riccardo Giacconi	John Fenn; Koichi Tanaka; Kurt Wüthrich	Sydney Brenner; H. Robert Horvitz; John Sulston	Imre Kertész	Jimmy Carter	Daniel Kahneman; Vernon L. Smith
2003	Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov; Vitaly Ginzburg; Anthony James Leggett	Peter Agre; Roderick MacKinnon	Paul Lauterbur; Peter Mansfield	J. M. Coetzee	Shirin Ebadi	Robert F. Engle; Clive Granger
2004	David Gross; Hugh David Politzer; Frank Wilczek	Aaron Ciechanover; Avram Hershko; Irwin Rose	Richard Axel; Linda B. Buck	Elfriede Jelinek	Wangari Maathai	Finn E. Kydland; Edward C. Prescott
2005	Roy J. Glauber; John L. Hall; Theodor W. Hänsch	Yves Chauvin; Robert H. Grubbs; Richard R. Schrock	Barry Marshall; Robin Warren	Harold Pinter	International Atomic Energy Agency; Mohamed ElBaradei	Robert Aumann; Thomas Schelling
2006	John C. Mather; George Smoot	Roger D. Kornberg	Andrew Fire; Craig Mello	Orhan Pamuk	Muhammad Yunus; Grameen Bank	Edmund Phelps
2007	Albert Fert; Peter Grünberg	Gerhard Ertl	Mario Capecchi; Martin Evans; Oliver Smithies	Doris Lessing	Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Al Gore	Leonid Hurwicz; Eric Maskin; Roger Myerson
2008	Yoichiro Nambu; Makoto Kobayashi; Toshihide Maskawa	Osamu Shimomura; Martin Chalfie; Roger Y. Tsien	Harald zur Hausen; Françoise Barré-Sinoussi; Luc Montagnier	J. M. G. Le Clézio	Martti Ahtisaari	Paul Krugman
2009	Charles K. Kao; Willard S. Boyle; George E. Smith	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan; Thomas A. Steitz; Ada Yonath	Elizabeth Blackburn; Carol W. Greider; Jack W. Szostak	Herta Müller	Barack Obama	Elinor Ostrom; Oliver E. Williamson
2010	Andre Geim; Konstantin Novoselov	Richard Heck; Ei-ichi Negishi; Akira Suzuki	Robert G. Edwards	Mario Vargas Llosa	Liu Xiaobo[F]	Peter A. Diamond; Dale T. Mortensen; Christopher A. Pissarides
2011	Saul Perlmutter; Adam G. Riess; Brian Schmidt	Dan Shechtman	Bruce Beutler; Jules A. Hoffmann; Ralph M. Steinman	Tomas Tranströmer	Ellen Johnson Sirleaf; Leymah Gbowee; Tawakel Karman	Thomas J. Sargent; Christopher A. Sims
2012	Serge Haroche; David J. Wineland	Brian K. Kobilka; Robert J. Lefkowitz	John B. Gurdon; Shinya Yamanaka	Mo Yan	European Union	Alvin E. Roth; Lloyd S. Shapley
Year	Physics	Chemistry	Physiology or Medicine	Literature	Peace	Economics

Courtesy & Sources : Wikipedia, Nobelprize.org

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